The Growing Spice Trade

As indicated by Merriam-Webster’s word reference (exchange, 2009), the word â€Å"trade† implies an individual occupied with an occupation, business, or industry dealings between people or gatherings and the matter of purchasing and selling or bargaining wares. Numerous variables assumed key jobs in the monetary advancement of a locale utilizing exchange as a significant commitment of developing force. There were numerous items that were exchanged; silk, foods grown from the ground, cotton, and valuable stones, to give some examples. The zest exchange, specifically, was a movement with antiquated roots (Upshur et al. , 2002, p. 307). Zest exchange was and is a business movement which includes the marketing of flavors and herbs. The most significant thing of exchange between the East and West were flavors, particularly cinnamon from India, cardamom from Aden, cassia, turmeric, and ginger and pepper from Indonesia (Upshur et al. , 2002, p. 324). It skirted silk and different products to be the fundamental import from India toward the western world (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). Notwithstanding their utilization in cooking, flavors were put to an assortment of purposes, including medication, enchantment, preservation, fragrance, religion, and sex (Turner, 2004, Oct). For a long time, Arab shippers controlled the overland exchange courses to India until the ocean courses were found (â€Å"SPICESâ€Å", n. d. ). Overland courses helped the exchange at first, however oceanic courses prompted enormous development later. During the high and late medieval periods, Muslim brokers ruled sea zest exchanging courses, drawing from source districts in the Far East and delivery flavors from exchanging emporiums in India westbound to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, from which overland courses prompted Europe. This exchange was changed by the European Age of Discovery and the course from Europe to the Indian Ocean by means of the Cape of Good Hope was spearheaded by European pilots, for example, Vasco Da Gama in 1497 (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). The significant expense of transportation guaranteed that the most exorbitant merchandise like silk, flavors, valuable metals and diamonds, ventured to every part of the longest separations. The vast majority of the freight conveyed in antiquated exchange went from Asia to Europe through overland and oceanic (Upshur et al. , 2002, p. 308). Civic establishments of Asia were associated with flavor exchange from the old occasions, and the Greco-Roman world before long followed by exchanging along the Incense course and the Roman-India courses which were reliant upon the strategies created by the oceanic exchanging power, Kingdom of Axum (400’s B. C. E. - 1000 C. E. ). The Kingdom had spearheaded the Red Sea course before the first century (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). Exchange among India and the Greco-Roman world continued expanding and the presentation of Indian culture made an interest from aromatics. These exchanging stations later served the Chinese and Arab markets, as well (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). Numerous different shippers and nations occupied with this exchange, for example, the Pre-Islamic Meccans who kept on utilizing the old Incense Route to profit by the overwhelming Roman interest for extravagance merchandise. The Indian business association with South East Asia demonstrated imperative to the vendors of Arabia and Persia. The Abbasids utilized Alexandria, Damietta, Aden, and Siraf as passage ports to India and China. Rome quickly had an impact during the fifth century (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). One of the significant outcomes of the zest exchange was the revelation of the American mainland by European travelers. Exchange until the mid fifteenth century was with the east through the Silk Road with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-conditions of Venice and Genoa going about as the center man. In 1453, be that as it may, the Ottomans took Constantinople thus the Byzantine Empire was no more. Presently in charge of the sole zest exchange, the realm was in an ideal situation to charge powerful assessments on stock headed for the west. The Western Europeans set going to discover another ocean course around Africa (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). At the point when Christopher Columbus cruised west in 1492, he wasn’t searching for another world, yet for another course to the old universe of the Indies and for gold and flavors. He discovered little of either (Turner, 2004, Oct). After Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan in 1520 took up the mission for Spain. Of the five vessels under his order, just one, the Victoria, came back to Spain, loaded down with cloves (â€Å"Spice Tradeâ€Å", 2009). With this, Portugal and Spain grew new exchange courses that avoided the old land and water courses in the process opened up another period of world exchange (Upshur et al. , 2002, p. 308). End What does this say about the developing globalization of exchange and social trade? Along the exchange courses European individuals intermarried, passed on important advancements and aptitudes, expressions and writing, and social and strict traditions. The offer of zest set up huge assets to be utilized to profit neighborhood economies and advancing further exchanging exercises. References Flavors. (n.d.). In (Ed.), Funk and Wagnall’s new World Encyclopedia. Recovered February 17, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database. Zest Trade. (2009). In (Ed.), Wikipedia. Recovered February 17, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade Trade. (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009 ed.). Turner, J. (2004, October). Experiences in the zest exchange. Land, 76(10), 45-50. Recovered February 17, 2009 from Academic Search Premier database. Upshur, J., Terry, J., Holoka, J., Goff, R., and Cassar, G. (2002). World History before 1600: The Development of Early Civilization (fourth ed.). Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Shrinking America: One Surgery at a Time :: essays research papers

Kellie got bariatric medical procedure eighteen months back, at age 26, and lost over a large portion of her weightâ€160 pounds (St. Vincent 1). More than one million butterball shaped individuals in the United States have just gotten gastric detour medical procedure. Since corpulence has arrived at such pestilence extents, everybody in America is searching for a fix. Gastric detour medical procedure has quickly become an answer for seriously stout people. Being corpulent causes passionate and physical trouble and enduring, which expands a person’s want to turn out to be meager. A few a great many individuals are assuming responsibility for their lives and wellbeing by having bariatric medical procedure. Gastric detour medical procedure has been performed with minor varieties since 1968 (How it Works 3). The methodology has become quickly in the course of recent years and various emergency clinics have included the medical procedure. Achievement rate/recuperation, societyâ €™s impact, and wellbeing factors all assume a noteworthy job as reasons for an individual to choose if this life changing, some of the time hazardous, medical procedure is directly for them.      Roux-en-Y gastric detour is the most well known of three medical procedures for the gargantuan. In this system, careful staples are utilized to make a little pocket in the stomach associated with the entrail by a bit of the small digestive tract, bypassing most of the Babbitt 2 stomach. This type of medical procedure represents practically 90% of the systems acted in the United States (USA Today 2). By and large gastric detour remains carefully for patients who are butterball shaped by 100 pounds or progressively over their sound weight. At the point when individuals have this medical procedure, they won't just lose a lot of weight, yet in addition see heftiness related illnesses, for example, diabetes, hypertension, and rest apnea incredibly lessen or even disappear (Hochstrasser 98). Most patients will lose 50-70% of their overabundance body weight; a few patients will lose significantly more (Hochstrasser 53). As far as possible the measure of food an individual takes in, diminishes the measure of calories expended, and makes it so eating less will in any case be fulfilling. By practicing and eating well nourishments, the weight reduction can be significantly upgraded. In spite of the fact that the medical procedure infrequently gets individuals to their optimal body weight, most patients get inside 30-40 pounds (Woodward 67). Weight reduction starts following the activity. Most of individuals will keep on getting more fit for around a year. The measure of weight a patient will lose each month will change contingent on the stature and weight preceding medical procedure (Woodward 57).

When Your Fears About Dying Are Unhealthy

When Your Fears About Dying Are Unhealthy Phobias Print When Your Fears About Dying Are Unhealthy By Angela Morrow, RN linkedin Angela Morrow, RN, BSN, CHPN, is a certified hospice and palliative care nurse. Learn about our editorial policy Angela Morrow, RN Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 28, 2019 PeopleImages/Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types The fear of death and dying is quite common, and most people fear death to varying degrees. To what extent that fear occurs and what it pertains to specifically varies from one person to another. While some fear is healthy because it makes us more cautious, some people may also have an unhealthy fear of dying. Who Fears Death? The fear of death is so common that it has spurred multiple research projects and intrigued everyone from scholars to religious leaders. There is even a field of study called thanatology  which examines the human reaction to death and dying. Some interesting findings have emerged from studying the fear of death. According to the 2017 Survey of American Fears conducted by Chapman University,?? 20.3% of Americans are afraid or very afraid of dying. Its worth noting that this survey includes other responses that involve death which is more specific. For example,  murder by a stranger (18.3%) and murder by someone you know (11.6 %) are also included. Interestingly, almost as many Americans (20%) fear public speaking. This thought has prompted comedian Jerry Seinfeld to quip,?? This means to the average person, if you go to a funeral, youre better off in the casket than doing the eulogy. Women have generally shown a greater tendency to fear death versus men. This is possibly due to the fact that women are more likely to admit to and discuss such fears. The fact that, historically, men are more likely to believe in dying for a cause or purpose may also contribute to this. Some researchers will argue that young people fear death more than the elderly. However, one study conducted among dying people in Taiwan showed that the fear of death actually did not decrease with increased age.?? Additionally, the same study showed that a patients fear of death decreased after they were admitted to hospice care. Its possible that this was a result of the education and holistic emotional and spiritual support patients receive from members of the hospice team. Types of Death Fears It is possible to break down our general fear of death into several specific types of fears. Fear of Pain and Suffering Many people fear that when they meet death, they will experience excruciating pain and suffering. This fear is common in many healthy people, as well as in patients dying of cancer or other terminal illnesses. Unfortunately, many people do not realize that palliative care can help alleviate pain and other distressing symptoms. Fear of the Unknown Death remains the ultimate unknown because no one in human history has survived it to tell us what really happens after we take our last breath. It is human nature to want to understand and make sense of the world around us. The reality is that death can never be fully understood by anyone who is living. Fear of Non-Existence Many people fear the idea that they will completely cease to exist after death occurs. We might typically associate  this fear with atheists or others without personal spiritual or religious beliefs. The truth is that many people of faith also worry that their belief in an afterlife isnt real after all, or that they did not earn eternal life while alive. Fear of Eternal Punishment Similar to the fear of non-existence, this belief does not apply only to devout believers of religious or spiritual faith. Many people â€" regardless of their religious persuasion or lack of spiritual beliefs â€" fear that they will be punished for what they did, or did not do, while here on earth. Fear of Loss of Control Human nature generally seeks to control the situations we encounter, but death remains something over which we have absolutely no control. This frightens many people. Some may attempt to exert some form of control over death by behaving in an extremely careful manner to avoid risks or undergoing rigorous, frequent health checks. Fear of What Will Become of Our Loved Ones Another very common death fear focuses on the worry of what will happen to those entrusted to our care if we die. Parents, for example, might worry about a newborn or child. Family members providing home care-giving to a loved one might fear that no one else can handle their patients many needs and demands. Someone in the prime of their life might feel afraid at the thought of leaving a spouse or partner alone due to death. Healthy vs. Unhealthy Fear of Death In general, the fear of death can actually prove healthy for human beings. When we have a fear of dying, we often act more carefully and take appropriate precautions to minimize risks, such as wearing seat belts or bike helmets. A healthy fear of death can also remind us to make the most of our time here on Earth and not to take our relationships for granted. Fearing the reality of death might also push us to work harder in order to leave a lasting legacy. George Bernard Shaw perhaps summed it up best by saying, I want to be thoroughly used up when I die, for the harder I work the more I live. On the other hand, a fear of death can sometimes prove so severe that it interferes with someones daily life. Known as thanatophobia, this intense, often irrational fear of death can consume someones thoughts. It may even affect the most basic decisions they make, such as refusing to leave the house just to bring in the mail. A Word From Verywell Being afraid of death is natural and many people share in this fear to some extent. If you suspect your fear has risen to the level of thanatophobia, it is best to seek assistance from a trained mental health professional.

Things Fall Apart And Purple Hibiscus Essay - 1257 Words

The icon of presidential history, Donald Trump once claimed, â€Å"the concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive. Whether it is right or wrong, if an individual trusts a notion, it is a belief. Various beliefs lead to the differentiation between humans, and what makes us so individualistic. By building confidence in a concept, one has the ability to formulate further convoluted ideas off of that original belief. For instance, you could believe in magical witches. To protect yourself, one might keep holy water because they trust that will prevent yourself from harm. Thoughts such as beliefs has begun to impact everyday routine and profoundly influences social structure as†¦show more content†¦Okonkwo was torn apart between the dilemma of letting the execution proceed or to take initiative to prevent it. By not taking action, it would make him seem feminine and break every one of his convictions. These mas culine principles are what made him to become the successful man that he is. However, he would have to kill Ikemefuna, who he began to care for, as he would for one of his sons. On the expedition to execute the boy, Okonkwo, shackled to his own principles, took Ikemefuna’s life. This illuminating scene impacted Nwoye to later separate himself from his family and caused other chain reactions. In addition, Okonkwo too was mentally damaged following the death of Ikemefuna. He was â€Å" o weak that his legs could hardly carry him,† he could not eat, and â€Å"did not sleep at night.† Becoming feminine or possessing a characteristic remotely close to his father, is what Okonkwo feared the most. Okonkwo s personal rules and the Umuofia structure of masculinity cornered him into taking the last dying breathe away for Ikemefuna, despite his love for him. â€Å"Okonkwo never showed any emotion openly, unless it be the emotion of anger. To show affection was a sign of weakness,-the only thing worth demonstrating was strength.† (Achebe 10) To show emotion was seen as feminine. The social structure that pedestals masculinity, enforced Okonkwo into grudgingly, act unreasonably. Contradictory to his instincts, Okonkwo was pressured to undergo the execution. The dismalShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart And Purple Hibiscus Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nigerian novels, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, examine the intricate lives of characters and their family dynamics. Okonkwo, from Achebe’s novel, is a p owerful man from the village of Umuofia, and Beatrice, from Adichie’s novel, is a submissive and abused wife. Despite Okonkwo and Beatrice both killing a family member, Okonkwo commits this act out of cowardice and fear of being viewed as weak, whereas Beatrice poisons Eugene as an act ofRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesvocabularies are based on the same list that Thomas uses in his Specimens of languages from Southern Nigeria (1914), in which he gives lists from 26 dialects of Igbo and closely related languages. Part V (1914) consists of Addenda to IboEnglish dictionary; apart from corrections to Part II, this volume adds a large amount of material from the Asaba dialect. In general, Thomass material is extensive, but inadequately transcribed and analysed. The CMS mission at Onitsha undertook the collection of a considerable

The Value Of Filial Piety - 918 Words

Culture: I applied symbolic interactionism. As one of the oldest countries in the world, China dates back to ten thousand years. With more than five thousand years of traditional culture, China has a formal set of values, beliefs, customs, language, etc., which have been passed generations. Confucianism is the most influential philosophy guiding Chinese people living in different centuries. The Confucian-based values including harmony, filial piety, and obligation help shape my personality. The value of harmony: Confucianism emphasizes the importance of building harmonious relationships with others to make the society stable (Kaplan). It means that in every relationship, people should show benevolence, righteousness, loyalty, and humility. These values profoundly influence Chinese people including my family members. Husband and wife, parents and children, and friend and friend only maintain a harmonious relationship, they could make a stable society. The value of filial piety: Chinese society is characterized by patriarchy and hierarchy. Elders make the most decisions. Confucianism advocates people to show respect and compliance for elders. Most of the Chinese people treat filial piety as the most important traditional value. It requires the younger generation to follow the elders’ words without a doubt. If a kid disputes with his/her parents, he/she shows unrespect for the parents. The value of obligation: Each personal has different social roles in different socialShow MoreRelatedFilial Piety1074 Words   |  5 PagesEssay about using ‘filial piety’ as an example, explain how cultural practices/values change Introduction and background: When it comes to filial piety, it should be a complex concept with different meaning and value in distinct period and region. Dating back to the history of filial piety, Chinese Confucian is the most representative pillar which claims: A respect for the parents and ancestors. However, filial piety is not unique for Chinese. East Asia country like Japan and Korea also hadRead MoreConfucianism and Taoism Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophies, a more in depth analysis of two of their key ideas –filial piety and education—reveals that they do share some similarities. Both Confucianism and Taoism seem to have opposing views on the subject of filial piety. In The Analects, Confucius urges us not only to serve our parents, but also to obey and respect them under all circumstances. However, in the Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu wrote: â€Å"When there is no peace in the family, filial piety begins† (no. 18). What does he mean by that? One possibleRead MoreConfucianism And The Chinese Society1257 Words   |  6 Pagesday society. However, what these people fail to realize is that Confucianism’s roots have been so integrated into China’s society that the values have become a part of every day life. 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Piety was taken up from Greco-Roman virtue ethics by the ChristianRead MoreConfucianism And Its Influence On Chinese History1713 Words   |  7 Pagescan be considered as an ancient Chinese philosophy as well as a popular religion in the Chinese history. It is known to be a way of life taught by Confucius. Although being transformed over a long period of time, Confucianism is still the source of values and the social code of the Chinese. It not only has a great influence to the Chinese history both spiritually and politically, its influence also extends to many Asian countries. For a long period of time, Confucianism was just part of the thousandsRead MoreA Short History Of Confucianism And Confucianism1196 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosopher Confucius in the 6th–5th century BCE, and it has been followed by the Chinese for more than 2000 years. Although Confucianism as changed over time, at its core, it is still places the same emphasis on the substance of learning, the source of values, and the social code of the Chinese. Additionally, the influence of Confucianism has extended to other countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. While Confucianism is sometimes viewed as a philosophy or religion, Confucianism is probably best understoodRead More Passages from The Analects of Confucius Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagessection on filial piety. From the text, it can be said that Confucius values the importance of family and respect for those older than himself over the elemental principle that says stealing, in any situation is wrong and should be corrected. This verse is from the section on filial piety, which means a devotion to and reverence for parents and family. To Confucius, the highest and deepest respect for parents and elders should take precedence over everything else. 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The cultural norms of ’filial piety’ to keep supporting system between generations within the family, economic values to the family and the state, and challenges to traditional familial care, contribute to the home care as the marketisation trend of care for older people in China. 1.1 Persistent cultural value of ‘filial piety’ and social changes The familial supports to older people are morally and legally encouraged in China. The cultural norms of ‘filial piety’ are rooted in China, allocatingRead MoreA Critique of Confucian Morality1601 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance that is placed on the liberal individual as opposed to someone who is seemingly a subordinate to his society. From this point of view, the sage’s teachings on filial piety, gender, and society’s hierarchal nature can be critiqued as they show to be traditional and stint progress. Firstly, the Confucian concept of filial piety can suppress individual thought, which is relevant in many Western philosophies. Confucius upheld that the youth should respect and honour their elders, especially

Yoga poses Free Essays

Yoga is basically a scientific system of mental and physical practices that did originate from India. Its role is to offer help to people in order to achieve the highest potential as well as experience happiness and health. In our daily life, it is significant to learn on how to relax after some time through practicing some beneficial activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Yoga poses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Relaxation practices as far as Yoga is concerned are beneficial and quite effective. Anyone who practices yoga usually begins to deeply appreciate the breadth and the depth of its major benefits. It is therefore imperative to analyze some of the yoga poses; camel, tree, chair and child’s pose and come up with some of their benefits as well as contraindications. Benefits of Tree (Vrksasana) Adapted from http://www. yogajournal. com/poses/496 Vrksasana tree pose usually means standing with your hand as it is raised towards the sky (Kevin, 2010). The tree pose is beneficial in the fact that it strengthens your calves, ankles, thighs and spine. It stretches the groin, chest and thighs as well as improving one’s balance. Through practicing tree, one reduces the flat feet and it enhances mental stability and concentration. It also relieves Sciatica. Basically, this pose helps a lot in strengthening every part of the body and to create a calmer and stable body. The shoulders and the arms stretch up thus all the bones in the body also gets to have a great massage. There is always a fresh supply of the blood because of the tilted pose. It stretches the muscles, arms, wrists and the shoulders making them agile and flexible. The pose usually strengthens ones strength and helps in amplifying the stamina. The balancing act usually helps one to remain completely cool and calm because of the stability that it usually offers. There is always a calming effect of the mind that helps in making the brain to remain relaxed. Contraindications/ cautions of Tree (Vrksasana) Some of the contraindications of this pose are that it causes headache, insomnia and low blood pressure. For those people who have high blood pressure, they should not raise their arms overhead (Shannon, 2005). Personal benefits of Tree (Vrksasana) pose This pose is quite beneficial to me as it tones the muscles of the legs and it improves my sense of poise and balance. It also enhances my concentration and posture, strengthening my ankles my back as well as the hips. When I shift my weight onto my left foot I enhance my posture and balance making me more stable. With lots of practice I have also learnt to pose with my eyes closed as I exhale thus leaving me completely at ease and calm. The pose has enabled me to be more flexible and agile. Challenges and goals It is usually challenging for me at times to stand on one leg and build balance. I get so challenged when I have to focus since focusing and concentration is quite important. It gets hard when I have to stay for around 30 seconds to around I minute resting my hands on the top of my pelvis. I feel some slight headache which ebbs shortly leaving me relaxed. The pose is meant to enhance my balance and since I have a stiff back, to reduce sciatica leaving me flexible and calm. Benefits of Camel (Ustrasana) pose and the goals Adapted from www. quickfityoga. com The camel pose is beneficial as it compresses the spine and relieves the back problems (Camel pose, 2010). It also helps in digestion as it opens the rib cage and the lungs. It is helpful in stimulating the nervous system, helps in bronchial problems, strengthens the shoulder muscles as well as the back, improves the flexion of the neck, stretches one’s throat and helps in elimination of the toxins. It is also beneficial in flushing fresh blood via the kidneys. The major goal in practicing camel is to stretch the immense hip flexors, strengthen the back muscles as well as improve my posture. Contraindications Some of the contraindications are low and high blood pressure, migraine headache, serious low back as well as neck injury and insomnia. Challenges of camel Camel is one of the poses that is extremely challenging to me. I usually find it completely hard on my knees and my neck always feels pinched whenever I let my head drop backwards. It is also intense on my back and always makes me feel like screaming. I also experience some slight headache. Personal benefits of camel The pose stresses my entire front and leaves me feeling calm and flexible. With some few practices my back is stronger and my posture has improved. Before I started the camel class I used to feel anxious and fatigued which has hence ebbed with time. Benefits of – Chair (Utkatasana) and goals Adapted from http://yoga. about. com/od/yogaposes/a/utkatasana. htm The chair pose helps a lot in strengthening the arms. Thus the main goal in having this pose is to make the thighs strong. This helps to strengthen the calves, spine and ankles (Chair pose, 2010). In addition it stretches the chest and the shoulders, stimulates the heart, diaphragm and the abdominal organs. It also helps in reducing the flat feet. Contraindications The major contraindications are insomnia, headache and low blood pressure. Challenges of the chair pose and personal benefits The chair pose is quite challenging for my upper body. The idea of pressing my hands flat together and straightening the arms directly makes me feel uneasy. I feel like my shoulders, thighs and chest are blocked. I also feel intense headache and dizziness but it leaves me feeling great. The major personal benefits are that it has helped a lot in the opening of my hips and the thighs as well as warming my entire body. My knees, hips and ankles have stabilized with time and I feel more flexible. Benefits of Child’s pose (Balasana) and its goals Adapted from http://www. yogajournal. com/poses/475/ The major benefit of the child’s pose is that it helps in relieving back pain. It is a brilliant resting pose as it is useful after strenuous postures for example headstand thus restoring the body’s circulation and acts as a counter pose to the back bends. Its main goal is to help in deep relaxation and is called the child’s pose because one usually forms the shape of the baby. It is beneficial in the fact that since the head is lower than the heart, there is more circulation on the face. It works on muscles and is a major natural therapy to stress, depression, anxiety and fatigue. It calms the brain and helps in relieving neck and back pain. Contraindications It may lead to diarrhea and knee injury and pregnant mothers are advised not to have it. Also it should be done under supervision of an experienced teacher (child’s pose, 2010). Challenges and personal benefits Child’s pose tones and strengthens my ankles, hips and thighs. The longer I hold the pose the more I feel at ease and calm. The pose usually relaxes my brains and clears all the negative thoughts. It also helps me to focus as I breathe deeply during the pose as I inhale some positive thoughts and exhale all tensions. Child’s pose is quite challenging for my ankles as I feel intense pain. To ease the pain I slip a rolled cloth directly to the joints and as my knees are not comfortable with kneeling I place a chip foam or blanket between the heels and the butt. References Brophy, Shannon. 2005. Vrksasana. Retrieved 2, June, 2010 http://www.yoga.com/ydc/enlighten/enlighten_document.asp?ID=351section=9cat=144 Camel pose. 2010. Retrieved 2, June, 2010 http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/688 Chair pose. 2010. Retrieved from 2, June 2010 http://www.yogajournal.com/poses/493 Pederson, Kevin. 2010. Benefits and importance of Adho Mukha Vrksasana. 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Plants Essays - Plant Anatomy, Plant Morphology, Plant Physiology

Plants Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even other plants. They have always been very important to people, not only for food, but also for clothing,weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter and a great many other purposes. Both humansand animals benefit from plants. We eat many different types of plants such as fruits andvegetables. We also use plants for our herbs. Plants are also used to manufacture manydifferent products such as shampoos, rubber, paper, and camera film. In some countries,fermented sugar cane is used instead of gasoline. Animals use plants in many differentways also. They eat many fruits and other plants. Many animals use plants for shelter. Plants also provide animals with protection from predators. The destruction of differentplants sometimes leads to animals becoming endangered or extinct. The basic structure of plants consists of roots, stem, leaves, flower and/or fruit or seeds. A flower is the part ofthe plant that makes the seeds. The main parts of a flower are the carpels and stamens. These parts are often found in the center of the flower. There are egg cells in the carpeland pollen cells in the stamen. All flowers have four basic parts: sepals, petals, carpels,and stamen. Different flowers have different numbers and shapes of these parts. Mostplants can be divided into one of two general categories: herbaceous or woody plants. Herbaceous plants have soft stems, while woody plants are tree-like. Herbaceous plantsproduce completely new stems each year. The approaching cold weather causes the newstems to die back to the ground. Some herbaceous plants survive periods of cold byforming underground bulbs, or tubers used for food storage. Many herbaceous plantscomplete their life cycles within one growing season and the whole plant dies, even theroots. These annuals produce seeds that will form new plants the next year.Land plantsare divided into two groups based on whether they have vascular tissues or not. Allnonva scular plants are placed in one division. There are nine divisions of vascular plants. These are divided based on whether they form seeds or not.Division Bryophyta -nonvascular plantSClass - Musci - the mossesDivision Pterophyta - ferns, group ofseedless plantsDivision Coniferophyta - cone-forming seed plantsDivision Anthophyta -fruit-forming seed plants Class - Monocotyledonae Class - DicotyledonaeChapter2ROOTSRoots help to anchor a plant in the ground. . Plants generally conform to one oftwo root systems, a taproot system or a fibrous root system. . When the plant is grownfrom cuttings, a fibrous root system will form.Every root grows a mass of tiny hairs nearits tip to absorb water from the soil. These tiny hairs are called root hairs, and they aremade from cells. They take water to the main root. The main root brings the water to themain plant. The roots also help hold the plant in the ground. The inside of a roothas four different parts. The epidermis is the outside part. It is like our skin. It protectsthe inside parts of the root, like our skin protects us. Plants take in water from the soilthrough their roots. The water passes through the vascular rays until it reaches the centerof the root, the stele. This is where the veins are located. The veins are called xylem. They carry the water and food through the plant. Between the epidermis and the stele isthe fleshy cortex.Land plants are divided into two groups based on whether they havevascular tissues or not. All nonvascular plants are placed in one division. There are ninedivisions of vascular plants. These are divided based on whether they form seeds or not.Stems support the plant. They transport vitamins, minerals and water up and down insidethe plant. They also serve as a storage area for plants.There are several different types ofstems such as, woody, herbaceous, stolons, rhizomes, and bulbs. These are describedbelow. Herbaceous, non-woody, plants have vascular tissues arranged in bundles. Thesevas cular bundles are either scattered throughout the stem or found in a ring toward theedge of the stem. The stems of herbaceous plants remain upright because of the structureof the cells in the stem. The individual cells have rigid walls. . In woody plants, thephloem is located in a ring near the stem while the xylem is located more to the inside. The stem also takes on different appearances